LAD #30-Brown vs Board of Education

It was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court overturning its earlier ruling, declaring the establishment of separate public schools for black and white students inherently unequal. This victory paved the way for integration and the Civil Rights Movement. A companion case dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the District of Columbia.The 17 May, 1954 decision reversed the precedent set by the Court's previous decision in Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education, which had specifically validated the segregation of public schools. Brown did not, however, result in the immediate desegregation of America's public schools, nor did it mandate desegregation of public accommodations, such as restaurants or bathrooms, that were owned by private parties, which would not be accomplished until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, it was a giant step forward for the civil rights movement, placing the weight of the Federal Judiciary squarely behind the forces of desegregation.

LAD #29-Truman Doctrine

Pronouncement by Pres. Harry Truman. On March 12, 1947, he called for immediate economic and military aid to Greece, which was threatened by a communist insurrection, and to Turkey, which was under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean. Engaged in the Cold War with the Soviet Union, the U.S. sought to protect those countries from falling under Soviet influence after Britain announced that it could no longer give them aid. In response to Truman's message, Congress appropriated $400 million in aid.

LAD #28 FDR's First Inaugural Address 1933

He says that he was willing to fix the up the current state of the US only if the people were going to support him in his efforts. He then discusses the importance of taxes and higher prices have been put on material goods. There are large numbers of unemployed people. FDR thinks that is possible to get out of this depression since there are so many opportunities in America. He says that happiness should not be calculated by the amount of money one possesses but by the amount of achievements in their lives. There needs to be more stability in banking and in other things. The American people have not failed and America will go back to being what it was before.

LAD #27 Kellogg Briand Pact of 1928

It was also known as the Pact of Paris after the city where it was signed on August 27, 1928, was an international treaty providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. It was named after the American secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand, who drafted the pact. A bunch of countries got together in Paris in 1928 and signed this peace treaty. The pact made it so all the countries that signed it would be on peaceful terms with one another. The countries that signed it hoped that other countries would sign it as well and follow a policy of peace. In the treaty is a bunch of articles proclaiming peaceful relations with one another. Other countries joined this peace treaty as well.

LAD # 26 Schenck vs. United States

It was a United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. The defendant, Charles Schenck, a Socialist, circulated a flyer to recently drafted men. The flyer, which cited the Thirteenth Amendment's provision against "involuntary servitude," exhorted the men to "assert their opposition to the draft," which it described as a moral wrong driven by the capitalist system. The circulars proposed peaceful resistance, such as petitioning to repeal the Conscription Act. Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act of 1917 by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. There was evidence found that connected a certain Socialist group to distributing articles that told people to defy the draft. This goes against the Espionage Act of 1917. The things in these articles would normally be classified as freedom of speech but during times of national crisis our rights as citizens are limited. This offense is punishable by law under the Espionage Act of 1917. There were three counts against them. One was violating the Espionage Act by telling men to defy the draft. The second was a conspiracy against the United States. The third was the unlawful use of the mail to send these articles.

LAD # 25-Wilson's 14 Points

The Fourteen Points were listed in a speech delivered by Wilson of the US to a joint secession of the US Congress on January 8, 1918. In his speech, Wilson intended to set out a blueprint for lasting peace in Europe after WWI. The idealism displayed in the speech gave Wilson a position of moral leadership among the Allies, and encouraged the Central Powers to surrender.
The speech ended WWI, but the Fourteen Points became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and documented in the Treaty of Versailles. However, only three of the points were adopted completely in the post-war reconstruction of Europe, and the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson felt the onyl way to attain peace is to follow the fourteen points.

LAD #24 Clayton Anti-Trust Act

An Act to supplement existing laws against unlawful restraints and monopolies, and for other purposes. It was drafted by Henry De Lamar Clayton. The act prohibited exclusive sales contracts, local price cutting to freeze out competitors, rebates, interlocking directorates in corporations capitalized at $1 million or more in the same field of business, and intercorporate stock holdings. Labor unions and agricultural cooperatives were excluded from the forbidden combinations in the restraint of trade. The act restricted the use of the injunction against labor, and it legalized peaceful strikes, picketing, and boycotts.It is illegal for someone to pay for something if they know that it is a discriminatory price. Non-profit businesses are exempted from the discrimatory law. If you are hurt in a job under the Anti-Trust act you are allowed to sue in any United States court.

LAD #23 Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

A census done in 1900 told the American public that over 2 million children were employed working in dangerous conditions. census report helped spark a national movement to end child labor in the United States. In 1908, the National Child Labor Committee hired Lewis Hine as its staff photographer and sent him across the country to photograph and report on child labor.The first child labor bill, the Keating-Owen bill of 1916, was based on Senator Albert J. Beveridge's proposal from 1906 and used the government's ability to regulate interstate commerce to regulate child labor. The act banned the sale of products from any factory, shop, or cannery that employed children under the age of 14, from any mine that employed children under the age of 16, and from any facility that had children under the age of 16 work at night or for more than 8 hours during the day. Although the Keating-Owen Act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional because it overstepped the purpose of the government's powers to regulate interstate commerce. A second child labor bill was passed in December of 1918. It also took an indirect route to regulate child labor, this time by using the government's power to levy taxes. It, too, was soon found to be unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart. The Court reasoned that “The power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce does not extend to curbing the power of the states to regulate local trade.”

LAD #22 Wilson's First Inaugural Address

Wilson’s First Inaugural calls all men to a "great trust" that answers to a progressive agenda that cleanses the American ways of life and corrects a number of evils that Wilson perceived. This, however, is not the view that the Presidency is a trust. It is Roosevelt reworked. When Woodrow Wilson was elected congress was filled with democrats. Wilsons election expressed the American public wanted something to change if the executive and legislative branches are being controlled by Democrats. Even though industry and things like that are good we need to think of the men and women lost in order to make the United States a world power. In order to gain something good, you have to lose something as well. The United States needed a change that would do them some good.The have come up with a list of things that need to be changed or reconsidered in order for the United States to be running as smoothly. The health of the citizens is another concern and there needs to be more laws and acts passed to insure that Americans health is not jeopardized. If we complete these things then the United States will continue to prosper.

LAD #21 Dawes Act

The Dawes Act was created by Congress to set aside certain land for the Indians, it was known as reservations. Any indians that have been alloted land on reservations are getting surveyed or resurveyed. Each person in charge of a family will get 1/4 a section of land, anyone whose single and over 18 will get 1/8 a section of land, any child without parents who is under 18 will get 1/8 a section. However if the government feels that the land they are on could be of better use with farming or grazing the Indians must find a new piece of land to settle on. If there is not enough land in a reservation for each person then it will go in class structure who gets land and who does not. The land set aside for reservations and how the sections are divided amongst the indians is to be done by an agent appointed by the president. If an indian belongs to a tribe that does not have a reservation they may apply for land in a local land office. Even thought the Indians arnt treated like everyone else, they are still expected to abide by government laws civil and criminal.

LAD #20 Bryan's Cross of Gold Speech

On July 9, 1896, William Jennings Bryan gave a speech at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The issue of the speech was over whether or not to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1. This caused unrest and conflict among the Democratic party. They are all from Massachusetts, yet they want different things and each person comes up and says something different that they want. A group of the Democrats are no longer going to fight or petition they are simiply just going to defy the others. They keep arguing back and forth one group is saying that the income tax passed by the other was unconstitutional and the group that passed it is saying that it was constitutional at the time. On the other hand, the other side is accusing them of resenting national bank currency and they keep arguing. The one group thinks that it is the government who should be coining the money. This whole speech is about what they people want, and how voting will change the way the monet is coined based on the results.

LAD #19-Populist Party Platform

The populist party emerged from the alliances of the 1870s and the 1880s. The political party of the Populists resented "concentrated capital." The populist party believes that the nation is demoralized and that public opinion is "silenced." They hoped that they would be able to influence the ways of the governement and improve the overall economy of their country. The populist party opposed the usage of silver and gold has now replaced it. There main goal is to restore power into the hands of "plain people." In there platform they state that we need labor unions, they demand a sound currency. They think that an unsound currency is americas main problem, they want the silver to gold ratio to be 16 to 1, they want a graduated income tax. The populist party also believed that government should own the railroads not private owners and use it to benefit the public. They also want a fair ballot and a fair count in the elections.

LAD #18 McKinley's War Message

The United States was able to keep its neutrality policy for a while when Cuba first revolted against its Spanish rulers. However they were not able to keep their policy of neutrality for long. They had to intervene. McKinley with the help of Congress did what ever was in his power to end the revolt. Spain didnt agree,forcing the the United States to enter the war on the side of the Cubans. McKinley then addressed Congress, explaining that a war is going on in Cuba and the United States had no other choice but to intervene. The war in Cuba is of such a nature that, short of subjugation or extermination, a final military victory for either side seems impracticable. Because of this war in Cuba, United States trade and investments within Cuba have suffered. Last December McKinley said that the annexation of Cuba would be considered "criminal aggression." Earlier in 1875 President Grant made a statement saying that the United States could not recognize Cuba as and independent nation. McKinley still to this day agrees with President Grants thoughts on Cuba. He said that there are two different ways they can enter the war either making the two sides compromise or by fighting on one specific parties side.

Mckinley had a few reasons why the united states was just in going to war. One was to put an end to bloodshed and hostilities. A second reason for intervention is that the Cubans were being deprived of their legal protection and it is our job to protect the Cubans legal rights. A third reason for intervention was because of the suffering of commerce and trade. A fourth reason is that Cuba is very close to the United States and the war and revolt could spread. Another reason for United States intervention was the destruction of the Maine which was docked in a Havana harbor. He then said that the issue was up to Congress and for them to make the final decision.